由于肿胀和病态增大，人体组织中组织的异常发育被称为肿瘤。它们主要被归类为良性和恶性。大脑中的肿瘤可能是致命的，因为它可能是癌性的，因此可以以附近的健康细胞为食并不断增加大小。这可能会影响大脑中软组织，神经细胞和小血管。因此，有必要以最高的精度在早期阶段检测和分类。脑肿瘤的大小和位置不同，这使得很难理解其性质。由于附近的健康细胞与肿瘤之间的相似性，即使使用先进的MRI（磁共振成像）技术，脑肿瘤的检测和分类过程也可能是一项繁重的任务。在本文中，我们使用Keras和Tensorflow来实施最先进的卷积神经网络（CNN）架构，例如EdgitionNetB0，Resnet50，Xpection，MobilenetV2和VGG16，使用转移学习来检测和分类三种类型的大脑肿瘤，即神经胶质瘤，脑膜瘤和垂体。我们使用的数据集由3264个2-D磁共振图像和4个类组成。由于数据集的尺寸较小，因此使用各种数据增强技术来增加数据集的大小。我们提出的方法不仅包括数据增强，而且还包括各种图像降级技术，头骨剥离，裁剪和偏置校正。在我们提出的工作效率NETB0体系结构中，最佳准确性为97.61％。本文的目的是区分正常和异常像素，并以更好的准确性对它们进行分类。

The evaluation of abstractive summarization models typically uses test data that is identically distributed as training data. In real-world practice, documents to be summarized may contain input noise caused by text extraction artifacts or data pipeline bugs. The robustness of model performance under distribution shift caused by such noise is relatively under-studied. We present a large empirical study quantifying the sometimes severe loss in performance (up to 12 ROUGE-1 points) from different types of input noise for a range of datasets and model sizes. We then propose a light-weight method for detecting and removing such noise in the input during model inference without requiring any extra training, auxiliary models, or even prior knowledge of the type of noise. Our proposed approach effectively mitigates the loss in performance, recovering a large fraction of the performance drop, sometimes as large as 11 ROUGE-1 points.

Legal contracts, such as employment or lease agreements, are important documents as they govern the obligations and entitlements of the various contracting parties. However, these documents are typically long and written in legalese resulting in lots of manual hours spent in understanding them. In this paper, we address the task of summarizing legal contracts for each of the contracting parties, to enable faster reviewing and improved understanding of them. Specifically, we collect a dataset consisting of pairwise importance comparison annotations by legal experts for ~293K sentence pairs from lease agreements. We propose a novel extractive summarization system to automatically produce a summary consisting of the most important obligations, entitlements, and prohibitions in a contract. It consists of two modules: (1) a content categorize to identify sentences containing each of the categories (i.e., obligation, entitlement, and prohibition) for a party, and (2) an importance ranker to compare the importance among sentences of each category for a party to obtain a ranked list. The final summary is produced by selecting the most important sentences of a category for each of the parties. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system by comparing it against several text ranking baselines via automatic and human evaluation.

Multi-modal image-text models such as CLIP and LiT have demonstrated impressive performance on image classification benchmarks and their zero-shot generalization ability is particularly exciting. While the top-5 zero-shot accuracies of these models are very high, the top-1 accuracies are much lower (over 25% gap in some cases). We investigate the reasons for this performance gap and find that many of the failure cases are caused by ambiguity in the text prompts. First, we develop a simple and efficient zero-shot post-hoc method to identify images whose top-1 prediction is likely to be incorrect, by measuring consistency of the predictions w.r.t. multiple prompts and image transformations. We show that our procedure better predicts mistakes, outperforming the popular max logit baseline on selective prediction tasks. Next, we propose a simple and efficient way to improve accuracy on such uncertain images by making use of the WordNet hierarchy; specifically we augment the original class by incorporating its parent and children from the semantic label hierarchy, and plug the augmentation into text promts. We conduct experiments on both CLIP and LiT models with five different ImageNet-based datasets. For CLIP, our method improves the top-1 accuracy by 17.13% on the uncertain subset and 3.6% on the entire ImageNet validation set. We also show that our method improves across ImageNet shifted datasets and other model architectures such as LiT. Our proposed method is hyperparameter-free, requires no additional model training and can be easily scaled to other large multi-modal architectures.

Entity matching in Customer 360 is the task of determining if multiple records represent the same real world entity. Entities are typically people, organizations, locations, and events represented as attributed nodes in a graph, though they can also be represented as records in relational data. While probabilistic matching engines and artificial neural network models exist for this task, explaining entity matching has received less attention. In this demo, we present our Explainable Entity Matching (xEM) system and discuss the different AI/ML considerations that went into its implementation.

The vision community has explored numerous pose guided human editing methods due to their extensive practical applications. Most of these methods still use an image-to-image formulation in which a single image is given as input to produce an edited image as output. However, the problem is ill-defined in cases when the target pose is significantly different from the input pose. Existing methods then resort to in-painting or style transfer to handle occlusions and preserve content. In this paper, we explore the utilization of multiple views to minimize the issue of missing information and generate an accurate representation of the underlying human model. To fuse the knowledge from multiple viewpoints, we design a selector network that takes the pose keypoints and texture from images and generates an interpretable per-pixel selection map. After that, the encodings from a separate network (trained on a single image human reposing task) are merged in the latent space. This enables us to generate accurate, precise, and visually coherent images for different editing tasks. We show the application of our network on 2 newly proposed tasks - Multi-view human reposing, and Mix-and-match human image generation. Additionally, we study the limitations of single-view editing and scenarios in which multi-view provides a much better alternative.

Explainability has been widely stated as a cornerstone of the responsible and trustworthy use of machine learning models. With the ubiquitous use of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models expanding to risk-sensitive and safety-critical domains, many methods have been proposed to explain the decisions of these models. Recent years have also seen concerted efforts that have shown how such explanations can be distorted (attacked) by minor input perturbations. While there have been many surveys that review explainability methods themselves, there has been no effort hitherto to assimilate the different methods and metrics proposed to study the robustness of explanations of DNN models. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey of methods that study, understand, attack, and defend explanations of DNN models. We also present a detailed review of different metrics used to evaluate explanation methods, as well as describe attributional attack and defense methods. We conclude with lessons and take-aways for the community towards ensuring robust explanations of DNN model predictions.

Large-scale diffusion-based generative models have led to breakthroughs in text-conditioned high-resolution image synthesis. Starting from random noise, such text-to-image diffusion models gradually synthesize images in an iterative fashion while conditioning on text prompts. We find that their synthesis behavior qualitatively changes throughout this process: Early in sampling, generation strongly relies on the text prompt to generate text-aligned content, while later, the text conditioning is almost entirely ignored. This suggests that sharing model parameters throughout the entire generation process may not be ideal. Therefore, in contrast to existing works, we propose to train an ensemble of text-to-image diffusion models specialized for different synthesis stages. To maintain training efficiency, we initially train a single model, which is then split into specialized models that are trained for the specific stages of the iterative generation process. Our ensemble of diffusion models, called eDiff-I, results in improved text alignment while maintaining the same inference computation cost and preserving high visual quality, outperforming previous large-scale text-to-image diffusion models on the standard benchmark. In addition, we train our model to exploit a variety of embeddings for conditioning, including the T5 text, CLIP text, and CLIP image embeddings. We show that these different embeddings lead to different behaviors. Notably, the CLIP image embedding allows an intuitive way of transferring the style of a reference image to the target text-to-image output. Lastly, we show a technique that enables eDiff-I's "paint-with-words" capability. A user can select the word in the input text and paint it in a canvas to control the output, which is very handy for crafting the desired image in mind. The project page is available at https://deepimagination.cc/eDiff-I/

在包括搜索在内的各种应用程序中，积极消费数字文档的研究范围为研究范围。传统上，文档中的搜索是作为文本匹配的问题施放的，忽略了结构化文档，表格等中常见的丰富布局和视觉提示。为此，我们提出了一个大多数未探索的问题：“我们可以搜索其他类似的snippets在目标文档页面中存在给定文档摘要的单个查询实例吗？”。我们建议单体将其作为单拍的摘要检测任务解决。单体融合了摘要和文档的视觉，文本和空间方式的上下文，以在目标文档中找到查询片段。我们进行了广泛的消融和实验，显示单体从一击对象检测（BHRL），模板匹配和文档理解（Layoutlmv3）中优于几个基线。由于目前的任务缺乏相关数据，因此我们对单体进行了编程生成的数据训练，该数据具有许多视觉上相似的查询片段和来自两个数据集的目标文档对 - Flamingo表单和PublayNet。我们还进行人类研究以验证生成的数据。

过去，现实世界中社交网络的图表错过了两个重要元素：连接的多重性和表示时间。为此，在本文中，我们为社交网络提供了一个新的动态异质图表示，其中包括图形的每个组件中的时间，即节点和边缘，每种捕获异质性的不同类型。我们通过提出四个与时间有关的查询和深度学习问题来说明这种表示的力量，这些查询和深度学习问题无法轻易在常规的均匀图表中处理。作为概念的证明，我们介绍了新的社交媒体平台（Steemit）的详细表示，我们用它来说明动态查询功能以及使用图形神经网络（GNNS）的预测任务。结果说明了动态异质图表示对社交网络的模型的力量。鉴于这是一个相对研究的领域，我们还说明了在查询优化方面的未来工作以及异质图结构的新动态预测任务的机会。